{"id":4165,"date":"2023-04-24T12:05:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T16:05:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/?p=4165"},"modified":"2023-04-25T14:08:34","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T18:08:34","slug":"failures-of-non-discrimination-laws-for-transgender-people","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/fall-2022\/failures-of-non-discrimination-laws-for-transgender-people\/","title":{"rendered":"Non-Discrimination Laws Falling Short for Transgender People"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-zoooom\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1906\" src=\"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-1024x762.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-1536x1144.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-2048x1525.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-1000x745.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-230x171.jpg 230w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-350x261.jpg 350w, https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG-9857-edited-480x357.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA, 2013) was established to protect minorities in the workforce. Transgender employees, however, continue to report job loss due to their gender identity. Within the last five years, many trans people have described the many ways their employers have forced them out of employment while avoiding the consequences of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (Sears et al. 2021). Despite protections existing for minority employees, discrimination in the workplace still financially cripples many trans people, often forcing them into homelessness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transgender adults tend to struggle financially considerably more than the average American. In a 2011 report, transgender people were four times more likely to have a household income lower than $10,000 and were twice as likely to be unemployed (four times more likely for people of color). Transgender people also face homelessness at twice the rate of the general population (Grant et al. 2011). This financial inequality stems from employment inequality, where discrimination continues to persist despite protections.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Questionable Effectiveness of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The root of trans people\u2019s financial hardship often stems from workplace discrimination. As Kylar Broadus shared in his testimony to Congress in support of transgender people\u2019s inclusion in the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, after coming out as trans and beginning his transition, he was \u201cconstructively discharged\u201d from his job. He described that, even 15 years after he was fired from his job, he still struggled to recover financially (Senate Health, Education, Labor 2012).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the passing of the ENDA, transgender people continue to report employer discrimination. Employers still discriminate and harass employees, often finding ways around directly firing employees. Reports include employers blackmailing employees into leaving, or limiting their hours until the employee quits themselves (Sears et al. 2021). Many of these reports occurred within the last five years, following the increase in anti-discrimination protections (Sears et al. 2021). Despite anti-discrimination laws to protect minority groups, transgender people reported high rates of being fired due to their gender identity at 26% (Grant et al. 2011). This demonstrates that even with workplace protections, discrimination still exists.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cBecause I\u2019m gay and trans I got fired and blackmailed to leave.\u201d<br><\/em>&#8211; A Black transgender gay man from New Jersey<\/p>\n<cite>Sears et al. 2021<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Employer discrimination cases are notoriously hard to win. If an employer has fired a transgender employee for an alternative reason and the employee lacks physical evidence, it can be very difficult to prove (Selmis 2001). It becomes very difficult to determine the employers\u2019 intent if it is not written or documented. Loss of a job leads to lost income, and furthermore, lower financial power to obtain a legal defense.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Consequences For Transgender People<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result of discrimination-induced financial hardship, many transgender people resort to the underground economy doing sex work or selling drugs. Sex work also may be a cause contributing to the high rate of HIV in the homeless transgender population (Grant et al. 2011). 10\u201350% of homeless individuals engage in survival sex at some point and this is often done to access housing. Many reported that while seeking shelter at homeless shelters, they were either denied due to their identity, or faced discrimination, harassment, and assault. 44% reported leaving shelters on their own because of threats to their personal safety (Kattari et al. 2017, Grant 2011). Survival sex is often a way for homeless transgender people to access food and housing when they can\u2019t access shelters and other organizations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to involvement in the underground economy, which usually involves criminalized sales, unemployed transgender people are 85% more likely to be imprisoned and more likely to be victims of murder (Grant et al. 2011). Circumstances force economically disadvantaged transgender people to resort to illegal activity to survive, and as a result, many transgender people are imprisoned or killed. Transgender people that end up in prison also leave prison with criminal records, which can make it even harder for them to find a job after release.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vulnerable Populations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certain groups within the transgender community are more prone to facing discrimination. Individuals that struggle to \u201cpass\u201d (be socially identified as their gender)<em> <\/em>or exist outside of the binary gender roles, often face higher rates of discrimination.&nbsp;Individuals who \u201c<em>pass<\/em>\u201d are statistically safer from discrimination and victimization, as they aren\u2019t perceived to be transgender (Flynn 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, trans people that are also part of other minority groups tend to increase discrimination rates. Transgender women of color tend to experience the highest rates of discrimination and harassment (Forestiere 2020). Among transgender women of color, discrimination in the form of transphobia, homophobia, and racism often coincide. Trans women are more likely to be hurt by men who view being attracted to a trans woman (specifically someone born with male biology) as a threat to their masculinity or heterosexuality. The murders of transgender women are often falsely justified by arguments of deception and sexual assault after a man discovers that a woman he pursues is transgender (Andresen 2022). This, on top of the intersectionality of racism, leads to transgender women of color having the highest rates of discrimination and homelessness, and making up the majority of transgender murder victims.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The transgender adult population disproportionately experiences homelessness and many other hardships as a product of discrimination based on their gender identity, and this needs to be acknowledged in professional settings. Non-discrimination laws exist so transgender individuals can have a stable, livable income and a place to live, but unfortunately, this is still not the case for many transgender people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">References<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carsten, Andresen. 2022. \u201c<em>Comparing the Gay and Trans Panic Defenses,&nbsp;Women &amp; Criminal Justice<\/em>,\u201d 32:1-2, 219-241, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2021.1965067\">10.1080\/08974454.2021.1965067<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flynn S, Smith NG. 2021. \u201c<em>Interactions between blending and identity concealment: Effects on&nbsp;non-binary people\u2019s distress and experiences of victimization.\u201d<\/em> PLoS ONE 16(3):&nbsp;e0248970. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248970\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248970<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Forestiere, Annamarie. 2020. \u201c<em>America&#8217;s War on Black Trans Women<\/em>.<em>\u201d <\/em>Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review,&nbsp;um=rss&amp;utm_campaign=americas-war-on-black-trans-women.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grant Jaime, Mottet Lisa, Tanis Justin. 2011. \u201c<em>Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National&nbsp;<\/em><em>Transgender Discrimination Survey<\/em>.\u201d https:\/\/transequality.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/resources\/NTDS_Report.pdf.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kattari, S. K., &amp; Begun, S. 2017. \u201c<em>On the Margins of Marginalized: Transgender Homelessness&nbsp;and Survival Sex. Affilia,<\/em>\u201d 32(1), 92\u2013103. https:\/\/doi-org.ez.hamilton.edu\/10.1177\/0886109916651904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sears Brad, Mallory Christy, Flores Andrew, Conron Kerith. 2021. \u201c<em>LGBT People\u2019s Experiences&nbsp;of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment\u201d <\/em>UCLA Williams Institute, https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Workplace-Discrimination-Sep-2021.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selmi Michael. 2001.\u201cWhy are Employment Discrimination Cases So Hard to Win?\u201d 61&nbsp;Louisiana Law Review. Available at: https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu\/lalrev\/vol61\/iss3\/4&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Hearing: \u201cEquality At Work: The&nbsp;Employment Non-Discrimination Act,\u201d focusing on employment discrimination against&nbsp;lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans and the \u201cEmployment Non-Discrimination Act.\u201d[1]. (2012). In <em>Congressional Documents and Publications<\/em>. Federal Information &amp; News Dispatch, LLC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;S.815 &#8211; 113th Congress (2013-2014): Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013.&#8221;&nbsp;Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 8 January 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/113th-congress\/senate-bill\/815.\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/113th-congress\/senate-bill\/815.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA, 2013) was established to protect minorities in the workforce. Transgender employees, however, continue to report job loss due to their gender identity. Within the last five years, many trans people have described the many ways their employers have forced them out of employment while avoiding the consequences of the Employment [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":210,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[55,208],"class_list":["post-4165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fall-2022","tag-gender","tag-spring-2023"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Non-Discrimination Laws Falling Short for Transgender People - Sharing Sociology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/fall-2022\/failures-of-non-discrimination-laws-for-transgender-people\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Non-Discrimination Laws Falling Short for Transgender People - Sharing Sociology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA, 2013) was established to protect minorities in the workforce. 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Transgender employees, however, continue to report job loss due to their gender identity. 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