{"id":2791,"date":"2022-05-03T00:25:49","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T00:25:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/?p=2791"},"modified":"2022-05-03T00:25:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T00:25:51","slug":"racial-segregation-and-economic-inequality-in-buffalo-new-york","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/spring2020\/racial-segregation-and-economic-inequality-in-buffalo-new-york\/","title":{"rendered":"Racial Segregation and Economic Inequality in Buffalo, New York"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
One day while driving my brother and a few of his friends to our house, his friend Jerry, a black 16-year-old from Buffalo who has been to our house countless times since he was 12, looked at me and said \u201cI feel like I\u2019m not allowed to be here. No one looks like me\u2026Shit is scary.\u201d This was a heart wrenching sentiment to hear from one of my brother\u2019s closest friends\u2014because of the truth behind it. I live in a predominantly white suburb thirty minutes south of Buffalo, NY called East Aurora, East Aurora is 96.9% white (Census Bureau, 2021). I had known my neighborhood was overwhelmingly white, however hearing such a direct statement made me more aware of the effects of segregation in Buffalo.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How We Got Here: Discrimination and the Erie Canal<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Buffalo, New York is one of the most racially segregated cities in America, a trend that began with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 (Richardson, 2014). Buffalo grew rapidly as the canal provided many job opportunities, but they were reserved for white immigrants. African Americans were pushed into the service industry, where they were forced to compete for jobs and where employment depended largely on an individual\u2019s proximity to downtown Buffalo. This issue forced most African Americans to seek housing on the East Side of Buffalo (Richardson, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Racial Zoning Laws, Restrictive Covenants and White Flight<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Racial zoning laws prohibited mixed-race neighborhoods and restricted the Black population to the east side of Buffalo. Fortunately, such zoning laws were made illegal in 1914, but they were followed by other methods of forced racial segregation such as restrictive covenants and redlining. Restrictive covenants are clauses in property deeds that prohibit the sale of properties to people of color (Blatto, 2018). Redlining restricted the mobility of Black Americans and appreciation in the value of their homes. Redlining worked to keep people of color concentrated in areas with low incomes and wealth while restrictive covenants ensured that white suburbs remained white. White residents of the City of Buffalo began moving to suburbs in the 1950s because of government subsidized projects such as highways, water systems and sewer systems. Buffalo\u2019s suburban population was almost exclusively white due to exclusionary zoning practices and redlining. Jobs in education and government as well as the service-sector followed white flight into Buffalo\u2019s suburbs.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The yellow line cutting through the images is Main Street. The economic differences between the East Side of Buffalo and the North Side, as well as the surrounding suburbs, is very evident in these images.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
On-going Effects of Economic and Racial Segregation in Buffalo, NY: Economic Inequality<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
As a result of redlining and restrictive covenants, in 2018 white people made up 73% of Erie County\u2019s population and only 45% of the City of Buffalo. This rate continues to drop as white families and individuals keep moving out of the city.\u00a0At 28.3%, the poverty rate in Buffalo is almost three times the national rate of 11.4% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2020). The East Side has an unemployment rate of 16% compared to 7% in adjacent neighborhoods (Richardson 2014). The median household income in Buffalo, NY is $39,677. By contrast, the median household income for the United States is $67,521. More specifically, Amherst, a large suburb of Buffalo, has a median household income of $72,459 and East Aurora (the town I live in) has a median income of $73,770 (U.S. Census Bureau).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Educational Inequalities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The concentration of poverty in the city center has resulted in inequalities of education standards. For example, most public schools in Buffalo are underfunded and do not offer adequate education (Richardson 2014). The public-school minority enrollment in Buffalo is 80% and 60% of students are economically disadvantaged (US News). In the East Side of Buffalo, school performance rates are lower, drug and alcohol addiction rates are higher, and depression and anxiety rates are higher than in surrounding areas (Richardson, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In my town\u2014East Aurora\u2014the public high school is one of the best in the area and is ranked 104th<\/sup>\u00a0in New York State. East Aurora Union Free School District has a math proficiency score of 96 and a reading proficiency score of 99. Conversely, the Buffalo City School District, which has a math proficiency score of 52 and a reading proficiency score of 74 (U.S. News Education, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Limited Public Transportation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Despite requests for more reliable public transportation, public transport is not a priority in Buffalo. There is little to no public transportation outside of the city, which affects housing and employment as well as education opportunities and keeps low-income people in the city center. Today, the inequality between neighborhoods is growing as white, upper-class families are still move out of Buffalo and into surrounding suburbs.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe left half of this collage shows Delaware Park, a large, well-kept and thoughtfully designed park in North Buffalo. The right half shows some of the parks that can be found on the East Side of Buffalo.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Restoring the East Side<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Andrew Cuomo announced his plan for the\u2014 \u201cBuffalo Billion\u201d\u2014to invest 1 billion dollars into Buffalo\u2019s economy in 2012. A revised version of the \u201cBuffalo Billion\u201d was, released in 2019 and includes a five-year plan to restore Buffalo’s East Side with $65 million. This money is being used to encourage private development by improving infrastructure and strengthening community relationships. The city will also offer training and grants for local entrepreneurs and business owners. A portion of the money will be used to restore old buildings, streets, and to improve parks on the east side (Sommer, 2020). This program may be successful in lessoning economic inequality in Buffalo; however, it fails to address racial segregation in Buffalo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
References<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Anon. n.d. \u201cBuffalo City School District – U.S. News Education.\u201d Retrieved May 1, 2022 (https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/education\/k12\/new-york\/districts\/buffalo-city-school-district-112767).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anon. n.d. \u201cNew York School Districts | US News Best High Schools.\u201d U.S. News<\/em>. Retrieved May 1, 2022 (https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/education\/best-high-schools\/new-york\/districts).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Blatto, Anna. 2018. \u201cA City Divided: A Brief History of Segregation in Buffalo.\u201d Partnership for the Public Good<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Richardson, William Jamal, Lori Glantz, and Robert M. Adelman. 2014. \u201c\u2018Ain’t Nothin’ Here in Buffalo\u2019: Residents’ Perceptions about Living in a Racially Isolated, High-Poverty Neighborhood.\u201d Journal of Children and Poverty<\/em>20(2):73\u201390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sommer, Mark. 2022. \u201cBolstered by $65m Plan for Revitalization, East Side Ready for ‘Catalytic Moment’.\u201d Buffalo News<\/em>. Retrieved May 1, 2022 (https:\/\/buffalonews.com\/news\/local\/bolstered-by-65m-plan-for-revitalization-east-side-ready-for-catalytic-moment\/article_45168985-bf3c-5d3b-b5db-9e1255175351.html).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
One day while driving my brother and a few of his friends to our house, his friend Jerry, a black 16-year-old from Buffalo who has been to our house countless times since he was 12, looked at me and said \u201cI feel like I\u2019m not allowed to be here. No one looks like me\u2026Shit is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":134,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[47,95,125],"class_list":["post-2791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spring2020","tag-inequality","tag-racial-discrimination","tag-segregation"],"yoast_head":"\n
Racial Segregation and Economic Inequality in Buffalo, New York - Sharing Sociology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/spring2020\/racial-segregation-and-economic-inequality-in-buffalo-new-york\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Racial Segregation and Economic Inequality in Buffalo, New York - Sharing Sociology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One day while driving my brother and a few of his friends to our house, his friend Jerry, a black 16-year-old from Buffalo who has been to our house countless times since he was 12, looked at me and said \u201cI feel like I\u2019m not allowed to be here. 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