{"id":2444,"date":"2022-04-12T12:57:41","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T12:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/?p=2444"},"modified":"2022-04-12T12:57:43","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T12:57:43","slug":"escalating-islamophobia-the-effect-of-september-11th-and-the-trump-administration-on-muslims","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/spring2020\/escalating-islamophobia-the-effect-of-september-11th-and-the-trump-administration-on-muslims\/","title":{"rendered":"Escalating Islamophobia: The Effect of September 11th and the Trump Administration on Muslims"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Connors, Ryan. 2022. Escalating Islamophobia: The Effect of September 11th<\/sup> and the Trump Administration on Muslims<\/em> (Image). Sharing Sociology<\/a>. (Wall Image: <\/span>Wikimedia<\/a>; Woman Image: Offset<\/a>). (Quotation source: Sheridan 2006).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The impact of September 11th<\/sup>, 2001<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Islamophobia is defined as \u201ca fear or dislike of Muslims\u201d (Sheridan 317). Coined in 1991, the term gained popularity after the 1997 publication of a report by an English-based racial equality think tank, Runnymede Trust. Since the September 11th<\/sup>, 2001 terrorist attack, when Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda orchestrated the hijacking and suicide mission of commercial airplanes, Islamophobia has dramatically increased. Muslim hate crimes in the US rose 1700% in 2001, a direct impact of 9\/11 (Tindongan 2011). The issue is not unique to the United States. In a study conducted with British Muslims, 82.6% reported experiencing an increase in discrimination post-9\/11 (Sheridan 2006). The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia\u2019s identified an increase in Islamophobia in all 15 member states of the European Union (Sheridan 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most common experiences of harassment were through offensive humor, public staring, name-calling, and the spread of hurtful stereotypes. Common anti-Muslim epithets include being called a \u201cTerrorist,\u201d \u201cdirty Muslim,\u201d \u201ccamel jockey,\u201d and \u201crag head\u201d (Peek 2011). In a 2006 study of Muslim Americans, over 1\/6th<\/sup> of participants reported such discrimination led to experiences of violence or other life-threatening situations (Sheridan 2006). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Trump Administration\u2019s Impact<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Former President Donald Trump further contributed to the rise of Islamophobia. In his 2016 campaign, Trump called for \u201ca total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States\u201d following the San Bernardino terrorist attack, a shooting carried out by a Muslim pair. In the days after his announcement, anti-Muslim hate crime rose 87.5% (Levin 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divisive and derogatory comments continually made throughout his Presidency set an example to the American people that discrimination is acceptable. In 2017, Trump signed his Executive Order, \u201cProtecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States,\u201d conveyed as the \u201cMuslim ban\u201d by the media (Ng and Stamper 2018). This order banned immigration from seven Muslim nations, even though there had never been a terrorist suspected of crimes against the United States from any of these nations. Further instances include Trump claiming a New Jersey Muslim community cheered on 9\/11 and suggesting the shutdown of mosques across the United States due to the hatred emerging from them (Ng and Stamper 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After just one year of Trump\u2019s presidency, the immigration of Muslim refugees decreased 90% and violence against Muslims rose 15%. Additionally, between the beginning of his campaign and 2019, Muslim hate groups in America have tripled (Everett Marko 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influence on Muslim Communities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The recent dramatic rise in Islamophobia has adversely affected Muslim people. Muslims expressed feeling abandoned by the US, stemming from public policy changes that began in response to 9\/11. Among those who were citizens, many felt they weren\u2019t treated as citizens. Those aspiring for citizenship noted a delay in the citizenship process due to their religious identity (Awaldi 2014). Muslims also shared they now experience lengthy and unnecessary airport security checks. (Peek 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rise in Islamophobia has presented Muslims with difficulties in the employment process. One interviewee, 30-year-old Muslim, Hussein, found discrimination in the job search so prevalent that he Americanized his name. With the new name, Hussein obtained several interviews and quickly landed a job (Awaldi 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are living in a crisis of Islamophobia stemming from escalating historical events over the past two decades. Combatting this crisis is a necessity; how to do so will be the challenge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Awadi, Ali G. 2014. “How the Events of 9\/11 Shaped the Lives of Arab American Muslims in American Society.” Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University, United States — Minnesota (https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/how-events-9-11-shaped-lives-arab-american\/docview\/1524699464\/se-2?accountid=11264<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Everett Marko, David. 2019. “Nevertheless, they Persist: American and European Muslim Immigrants in the Era of Trump.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs<\/em> 39(2):246-258 (https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/nevertheless-they-persist-american-european\/docview\/2249649332\/se-2?accountid=11264<\/a>). doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/13602004.2019.1620006<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Levin, Brian. 2016. Hate Crime in the United States.<\/em> San Bernardino, California.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng, Eddy S., and Christina L. Stamper. 2018. “A Trump Presidency and the Prospect for Equality and Diversity.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal<\/em> 37(1):2-13 (https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/trump-presidency-prospect-equality-diversity\/docview\/2014313595\/se-2?accountid=11264<\/a>). doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/EDI-12-2017-0282<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peek, Lori. 2011. Behind the Backlash; Muslim Americans After 9\/11.<\/em>Temple University Press (http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctvrdf3dw<\/a>). doi: 10.2307\/j.ctvrdf3dw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sheridan, Lorraine P. 2006. “Islamophobia Pre\u2013 and Post\u2013September 11th, 2001.” J Interpers Violence<\/em> 21(3):317-336 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260505282885<\/a>). doi: 10.1177\/0886260505282885.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tindongan, Cynthia W. 2011. “Negotiating Muslim Youth Identity in a Post-9\/11 World.” The High School Journal<\/em> 95(1):72-87 (http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41236889<\/a>).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The impact of September 11th, 2001 Islamophobia is defined as \u201ca fear or dislike of Muslims\u201d (Sheridan 317). Coined in 1991, the term gained popularity after the 1997 publication of a report by an English-based racial equality think tank, Runnymede Trust. Since the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attack, when Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda orchestrated […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[89,95],"class_list":["post-2444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spring2020","tag-hate-crimes","tag-racial-discrimination"],"yoast_head":"\nEscalating Islamophobia: The Effect of September 11th and the Trump Administration on Muslims - Sharing Sociology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/soc.hamiltonlits.org\/sharingsociology\/spring2020\/escalating-islamophobia-the-effect-of-september-11th-and-the-trump-administration-on-muslims\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Escalating Islamophobia: The Effect of September 11th and the Trump Administration on Muslims - Sharing Sociology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The impact of September 11th, 2001 Islamophobia is defined as \u201ca fear or dislike of Muslims\u201d (Sheridan 317). 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